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Employment Manuals; One of the Essentials in a Business
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Moreover,alfred angelo wedding dresses, an employment manual lays down a uniform set of policies and guidelines for all the workers. For example,one shoulder wedding dress, if the office hours stated in the manual is from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.,short wedding dresses 2012, all in the company regardless of his position should adhere with it. Then,Wedding Dresses, if the manager happens to violate the rules,black and white wedding dresses, the same penalties imposed on regular employees should be enforced on him.

Employment manuals inform the company workers about the rules and regulations that should be implemented in almost all the aspects of the company. These handbooks generally include policies as regards to:

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In addition,wedding dresses los angeles, these so-called company ground rules explain not only what the employees are restrained of doing but also what their benefits from the company are. Thus,vera wang wedding dress, a well-prepared employment manual can serve as a protection for the employers from claims that arise from discriminatory actions.

It is very vital for the said handbook to discuss matters about the workers' salaries. The amount of their wages may depend on their positions,non traditional wedding dresses, work schedule and years of service in the business. Higher post certainly has to have higher salaries; this is very much accepted in all businesses. Meanwhile,casual wedding dresses, those who are working on night shifts and who have accumulated overtime works should be given extra pay than the normal salaries. Bonuses and salary increases should also be given to those who have been loyal in the company for years.

To avoid having a defective employment manual,champagne wedding dresses, it is a wise action for businesses to appoint an expert corporate business lawyer to guide them in drafting one. A legal counsel who understands the corporate laws and who has notable experience in creating a good and consistent employment handbook will ensure the company of having a legally acceptable employment manual.

In reality,cheap wedding dresses under 100, the employers are not compelled by the corporate laws to formulate their own employee manuals to be distributed to the workers. It is therefore up to them whether to furnish one. Usually,champagne wedding dresses, the employers consider employment handbooks,halter wedding dresses, as some people call it,Designer Wedding Dresses, if they already have at least twenty-five employees in with them. However,black and white wedding dresses, there are various human resources rules and operational practices that the existing law requires. Hence,inexpensive wedding dresses, it would be practical for a company to have it in written form and have it distributed to the workers for proper awareness.

On the other hand,jessica mcclintock wedding dresses, a company's set of policies and regulations written on the manual should be consistent in the prevailing corporate laws. Meaning,used wedding dresses, the federal or any other civil laws are still superior to the company bylaws. If ever contradictions emerge,Cheap Wedding Dresses, the company has to bend over and allow the corporate laws prevail. Strict consequences are bestowed to companies who will fail to follow the corporation's code.

The employment manual is also recommended to have an assertion that the employment in the company is "at will". It is therefore clearly stated that the handbook is not a contract that entitles the workers to avail the privileges that the regular employees have. Employment "at will" declares that the employer can freely terminate his worker any time he wishes; though the employees can also leave the company any time he feels of leaving. 相关的主题文章：  Filing bankruptcy and need of a Walnut Creek bankruptcy lawyer Nursing Home Nightmares Senior Citizen Abuse Charlotte Personal Injury Attorney - Hiring Advice 

Data Protection Laws of India
Constitution of India. But Entry 97 of List 1 states: "any other matter not enumerated in

THE PERSONAL DATA PROTECTION BILL,champagne wedding dresses, 2006 : The purpose of this bill is to provide protection of personal data and information of an individual collected for a particular purpose by one organization, and to prevent its usage by other organization for commercial or other purposes and entitle the individual to claim compensation or damages due to disclosure of personal data or information of any individual without his consent and for matters connected with the Act or incidental to the Act.

65-74 which cover a wide range of cyber offences, including offences related to unauthorised alteration, deletion, addition, modification, alteration,used wedding dresses, destruction, duplication or transmission of data, and computer database.

Criminal liability in case of data, computer database theft, privacy violation etc.

Act, 2000 are:

The Act also provides a complete Chapter (Chapter XI) on cyber offences, i.e., sections

Interestingly, section 72 [Penalty for breach of confidentiality and privacy] is aimed at

[S.2 (1)(t], Information [S.2 (1)(v)], Intermediary [S.2 (1)(w)], Secure system [S.2(1)(ze)] and Security procedure [S.2 (1)(zf)].

database or information;. theft of data held or stored in any media, (c) unauthorised

(b) the prosecution of offenders; and

The Information Technology Act, 2000 is not data or privacy protection legislation per

It would be a misnomer to say that India does not have ‘data protection' legislation at all.

It observed that the defendants were free to carry on their profession, utilize the skills and information they had mentally retained, but restrained them from using the copied material of the plaintiff in which the plaintiff alone has a right. The defendants were also restrained to utilize the agreements, due diligence reports, list of clients and all such materials which came to their knowledge or have been developed during their relationship with the plaintiff. The above case raise the issue of well drafted contracts before entering into any kind of relationship with the parties. It envisaged the need of the proper clauses to be drafted as to the dealing of Data, Computer Data Base while in relationship or at the termination of such agreements. Para 6.28 of P.Narayanan on Copyright and Industrial Design – (Third Edition) says that "Whenever an employee of a Solicitor firm drafts a document, the employer is the first owner of the Copyright document", which means that to protect the Data, computer Data Bases of an organization, one needs to have good drafted contracts with an employee so that no dispute arises after the termination of service of an employee.

Section 43 of the Act covers instances such as: (a) computer trespass, violation of privacy

· In the matter of Himalaya Drug Company V/s. Sumit 2006(32) PTC 112 (DEL), the Delhi High Court proceeded ex-parte against the defendant who admitted to pass a Herbal Data Base as that of plaintiff's and violated the trade dress. The Delhi High Court not only restrained the defendant by an order of permanent injunction from reproducing, communicating to the public, adopting, using or infringing in any other manner the plaintiff's Copyright in the Herbal Data Base as well as each Herbal Write-up /Description that comprises the Herbal Data Base, but also awarded punitive damages to the extent of Rs. 8 lacs.

INDIAN COPYRIGHT ACT, 1957 protects "Databases" as ‘literary works' under Section 13 (1) (a) of the Act which says that Copyright shall subsists throughout India in original literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works

Copyright Act 1957 - Section 2(6)--Literary work--Compilation of list of clients /customers developed by a person by devoting time, money, labour and skill amounts to a literary work wherein the author has a copyright.

[S.43, Explanation (ii)],Data [S.2 (1)(o)], Electronic form [S.2 (1)(r)], Electronic record

Technology Act, 2000 but not in an exclusive manner.

purposes:—

· In Burlington Home Shopping Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Rajnish Chibber, 1995 IVAD (Delhi) the highcourt of delhi observed that"Trade catalogues are generally compilations, and as such are capable of protection as literary works. On similar principles, a computer database, stored on tape,one shoulder wedding dress, disk or by other electronic means, would also generally be a compilation and capable of protection as a literary work"

other material information. The idea behind the aforesaid section is that the person who has secured access to any such information shall not take unfair advantage of it by disclosing it to the third party without obtaining the consent of the disclosing party.

System interference, (e) Misuse of devices, etc.

(v) imposing penalty for breach of confidentiality and privacy

Indian Parliament provided a new legal idiom to data protection and privacy. The main

Privacy is closely connected to Data Protection. An individual's data like his name address, telephone numbers, profession, family, choices, etc. are often available at various places like schools, colleges, banks, directories, surveys and on various web sites.

In the recent years India has emerged as one of the preferred destinations for offshore business outsourcing. Financial services, educational services, legal services, banking services, healthcare services, marketing services and telecommunication services. The factors that have turned India into one of the hotspots for offshore outsourcing are the educated and unemployed masses, enterprising nature of Indians who have excellent spoken English skills and relatively cheap labour.

Data protection is not a subject in any of the three lists in Schedule VII of the

permissible), (d) data loss, data corruption etc., (e) computer data/database disruption,

(iii) creating criminal liability if any person accesses or secures access to computer, computer system or computer network

· In the recent case of Dr. Harsh Pathak vs Union of India & Ors. , a PIL filed by a lawyer in the supremecourt regarding unsolicited Phone calls, the apex court passed an interim order restricting cellular companies to make promotional calls.

It was a foresight on the part of the Government of India to initiate the entire process of

The personal data of any person collected for a particular purpose or obtained in connection with any transaction, whether by appropriate Government or by any private organization, shall not be put to processing without the consent of the person concerned. Provided that personal data of any person may be processed for any of the following

limited to protecting computer source code only, but it also safeguards data and computer

etc. (b) unauthorised digital copying, downloading and extraction of data, computer

THE INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000

on Electronic Commerce earlier adopted by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) in its twenty-ninth session.

(ii) creating civil liability if any person accesses or secures access to computer, computer system or computer network

In June 2005, one BPO was in the eye of the storm when one of its employees sold personal data belonging to a large number of British nationals to an undercover reporter from the British tabloid ‘The Sun'. The incident sparked off a debate among the offshore industry circles, media and the legal world as to how safe foreign data is in Indian hands. The discussions were also veered towards the need for some kind of protection for personal data in India which is absent currently.

Civil liability in case of data, computer database theft,inexpensive wedding dresses, privacy violation etc.

Data protection is, thus, a Central subject and only the Central Government is competent

The Act provides a complete Chapter (Chapter IX) on cyber contraventions, i.e., section

transmission of data or programme residing within a computer, computer system or

would still lack a real legal framework for data protection and privacy.

computer network (cookies, spyware, GUID or digital profiling are not legally

It is significant to note that by enactment of the Information Technology Act, 2000, the

to frame legislations on issues dealing with data protection. In fact, the Information

privacy in a piecemeal fashion. There is no an actual legal framework in the form of Data

43 (a) – (h) which cover a wide range of cyber contraventions related to unauthorised

themes, like digital signatures, public key infrastructure, e-governance, cyber contraventions, cyber offences and confidentiality and privacy. It suffers from a one Act

spamming etc., (f) denial of service attacks, data theft, fraud, forgery etc., (g)

access to any electronic record, book, register, correspondence, information, document or

syndrome. It would be erroneous to compare the Information Technology Act, 2000 provisions with the European Directive on Data Protection (EC/95/46), OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data, 1980, and the Safe Harbor principles of the US.

CONCLUSION

(i) defining ‘data', ‘computer database',jessica mcclintock wedding dresses, ‘information', ‘electronic form', ‘originator', ‘addressee' etc.

The subject matter of data protection and privacy has been dealt within the Information

The Indian Parliament enacted an Act called the Information Technology Act, 2000. It

and List III.

In fact the Information Technology Act, 2000 deals with the issue of data protection and

Protection Authority, data quality and proportionality, data transparency etc. which properly addresses and covers data protection issues in accordance with the principles of the EU Directive, OECD Guidelines or Safe Harbor Principles. Accordingly, even if the new proposed amendments to the Information Technology Act, 2000 were adopted, India

se. It does not lay down any specific data protection or privacy principles. The Information Technology Act, 2000 is a generic legislation, which articulates on range of

This is factually wrong. The fact is that there exists data protection legislation in India.

unauthorised access to computer data/computer databases and (h) instances of data theft

Provisions contained in this Act are relates to data to be obtained of any person collected by an organization whether government or private, shall not be disclosed to any other organization for the purposes of direct marketing or for any commercial gain and if there is a contravention to this the person shall be entitled to compensation in addition to imprisonment for a term, which may extend to three years or with fine, which may extend upto ten lakh rupees or with both if contravenes or attempts contravene or abets the contravention of any provisions.

JUDICIAL APPRAISAL

Data controllers have been proposed to be appointed to look upon the matters relating to violation of the proposed Act

(vi) setting up of hierarchy of regulatory authorities, namely adjudicating officers, the Cyber Regulations Appellate Tribunal etc.

(a) the prevention or detection of crime;

Technology Act, 2000,and the Indian Copyright Act, 1957, enacted by the Indian Parliament are the main legislations in this field, which contains provisions on data protection. There is also a proposed Personal Data Protection Bill, 2006,cheap wedding dresses under 100, which deals with the protection of personal data.

public (and private) authorities10, which have been granted power under the Act to secure

principles on data protection and privacy enumerated under the Information Technology

access to computer, computer system, computer network or resources.

received the assent of the President on the 9th June, 2000 and is effective from 17th October, 2000. This Act is based on the Resolution A/RES/51/162 adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 30th January, 1997 regarding the Model Law

Section 2 (c) defines "personal data" as information or data which relate to a living individual who can be identified from that information or data whether collected by any Government or any private organization or agency.

Further, the Information Technology Act,black and white wedding dresses, 2000 defines certain key terms with respect to data protection, like access [S.2 (1)(a)], Computer [S.2 (1)(i)], Computer network [S.2 (1)(j),black and white wedding dresses, Computer resource [S.2 (1)(k)], Computer system [S.2 (1)(l)], Computer database

Section 2(o) defines `literary work' to include (among others) computer programmes, tables and compilations including computer databases.. Under section 14, literary work is one of the items wherein exclusive rights can be claimed so as to amount to copyright. Under Section 17(c) if a work is made in the course of other's employment under a contract of service or apprenticeship it is the employer who is the first owner of the copyright therein in the absence of any agreement to the contrary.

enacting India's first ever information technology legislation in the year 1997 itself.

List II and List III ……." Thus only the Indian Parliament is competent to legislate on

Passing on such information to interested parties can lead to intrusion in privacy like incessant marketing calls.

For example, section 65 [Tampering with computer source documents] of the Act is not

(c) the assessment or collection of any tax or duty.

(iv) declaring any computer, computer system or computer network as a protected system

Data Protection Issues have time and again raised concern in the authorities about the cyber extortion, privacy, confidentiality, data protection and national security. With the increasing penetration in the online usage of more and more people towards internet, e-banking, e-shopping etc. the concerns of data protection and related issues are growing day by day.

· In the recent case of, Daljit Titus, Advocate & Ors. V/s. Alfred A. Adevare & Ors. 2006(32) PTC 609 (DEL), the Delhi High Court protected the works done by the defendant in the plaintiff's law firm as an employee of the firm for the benefit of clients of the plaintiff under their contract of service.

databases; and similarly section 66 [Hacking with Computer System] covers cyber offences related to (a) Illegal access, (b) Illegal interception, (c) Data interference, (d)

If the person committing the contravention is a company, then, every person who, at the time the contravention was committed, was in charge of, and was responsible to, the company for the conduct of business of the company as well as the company, shall be guilty of the contravention and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly:

Provided further that no consent of the individual shall be required if the personal data details of the individual are obtained through sources which have been made public.

data protection since it can be interpreted as any other matter not enumerated in List II

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Start for Web Hosting
,Cheap Wedding Dresses Even for a layman ,long sleeve wedding dresses, its important to know the concept of web hosting. Visiting any website shows a web page that is downloaded from the web server onto the user's web browser. Generally,inexpensive wedding dresses, web site is made up of many web pages and web page is made up of texts and graphic images. Now these pages are then stored and made available for the visitors on web servers. So for a layman if his intention is to have is own web site,Wedding Dresses, then the first step would be owing a host provider so as to host the website on web server. As soon as the website is online on the server,vera wang wedding dress, online users can browse that website through Internet. All this job of providing host facility is with the providers called web-hosting providers. Any established web hosting provider can host even thousands of websites example,non traditional wedding dresses, iPowerWeb is a popular web hosting company that hosts websites in amounts of lakhs i.e. 3 lakhs. Due to this reason only these hosting companies needs large number of web servers for storing the website. Thereafter all these web servers are connected to Internet and are kept in a physical center 'data center'. As these web servers needs to be fully operational all the time so data centers are made fully secure having 24/7 environment and given protection from fire,wedding dresses los angeles, HVAC temperature control,wedding dresses for sale, virus detections,cheap wedding dresses under 100, computer data backup,jessica mcclintock wedding dresses, redundant power backup and complete disaster recovery capabilities. Now after knowing what is web hosting it is also important to know the different types of web host which are summarized below: Shared Hosting As the name suggests,alfred angelo wedding dresses, in shared hosting several websites share space on the common physical web servers. A physical web server can host thousands of websites at one time depending upon the web host. With so much pressure on web servers it tends to make one think that due to over burden perhaps the performance of web server gets affected. But that thinking is totally wrong as for this reason only web servers are equipped with high-end powerful computer so as to support large number of websites to some extent without any problem. However but it is even possible at time of over burden on web servers that the response is badly effected. In order to get rid of this problem reputed and experienced host providers constantly keep on monitoring the performance of web servers and keeps on adding new web servers when and where required. As many websites share a same physical web server the cost is generally low with start from mere $5-$20 per month and they also have to accept slower server response time. Dedicated Hosting As against shared hosting,short wedding dresses 2012, in dedicated hosting a specific web server is allotted to one customer only. Due to one server the customer is having option to host his single/multiple web sites,used wedding dresses, can modify the configuration of software,casual wedding dresses, can handle greater site traffic and can even scale the bandwidth when it is taken as necessary. It is because of this facility that dedicated hosting charges good amount which starts from $50 and can range even upto$200 to $500 monthly. So dedicated hosting is regularly used by extremely important web sites having high traffic. Co-location hosting The only difference between dedicated hosting and co-location hosting is that here in this case customers can own the web server hardware whereas in case of dedicated hosting customers can just rent the web server during the hosting period. So Co-location hosting provides more flexibility to its customers in respect of control and maintainence. Here in this case 24/7 server monitoring is also possible which can evade the problem of slow response. Because of all above benefits co-location hosting charges good amount depending upon monthly bandwidth and rack space required which is as high as $500 - $1000 monthly. Reseller hosting The third type of hosting is reseller hosting where the provider offers web server storage space to third party at a discounted price,short wedding dresses, who again resell it to his own customer. Normally resellers include web consultants like web designers,Designer Wedding Dresses, developers or system Integration Company who after charging commission which is even upto 50%(taken as discount) can resell the web hosting. Resellers can set up their own hosting company and can decide for their own pricing structure with establishing their own branding. In case of reseller hosting for reseller's customers,pakistani wedding dresses, the reseller is the web host provider. When some technical problem arises like down server or any access problem then in that case the resellers have to settle all with actual web host provider. However this is not the effective way as it leads to unnecessary waste of time due to various channels involved in the communication process like first customer contacts reseller and then reseller contacts actual web host provider and same is with the response it also comes back from the same process,champagne wedding dresses, so the problems pertains for a long time. Thus reseller hosting is not considered a good option unless user is having his own personal website or he is having an alternative for poor support from reseller. Now with growing competition market is having abundant of resellers who are selling their services at a very low price. Due to this and other factors like even some web-hosting providers provide their own toll free numbers to their resellers for co-branded technical support,wedding dresses with sleeves, this makes the decision more difficult to choose which is the right choice. Thus it is more important to act wisely and to not get attracted with marketing techniques employed by resellers like professional outlook of their website and other strategies like proving technical support in their own name which is actually provided by the provider and not by them but they tend to present it in such a way that they are providing that support. The general distinguishing feature between resellers and hosting company is firstly the hosting price and secondly the company's information including their balance sheet example iPowerWeb.com get their company's information published where they mention their financial strength,black and white wedding dresses, their offices and highly equipped data centers. As against this resellers lack these assets and for price what they quote is generally below $5 per month whereas providers charge between $7 and $10. 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