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Public Defender Vs. Private Attorney
An interesting study was reported in the New York Times discussing the difference between being represented by a public defender as opposed to being represented by a retained attorney in a criminal case. The study was conducted by two economists for Emory University. The study concluded that in serious cases "the average sentence for clients of public defenders was almost THREE YEARS longer than the average for clients of private attorneys." Moreover, when all cases were considered, the average sentence for clients of public defenders was almost FIVE YEARS longer than the average for clients of private attorneys. The January 8,timex watches, 2007 New York Times Report is set forth in full: SIXTEEN years as a state trial judge have left me with a deep respect for the professionalism and competence of the public defenders who handle felony cases for indigent criminal defendants in my courtroom. In fact,casio watches, I've told friends, only half-jokingly, that if they are ever charged with a serious criminal offense, the first thing they should do is give all their assets to charity,mens designer watches, in an effort to qualify for public defender representation. So when two economists from Emory University, Paul Rubin and Joanna Shepherd, agreed last year to collaborate with me on an econometric study of how effective public defenders really are,timex expedition watch, I had to guard against confirmation bias. I was positive that public defenders would prove more effective than their private counterparts. Mr. Rubin and Ms. Shepherd, with their occupational faith in markets,atomic watches, were equally positive of just the opposite. In the end,Watches Online, the economists were right, though with an interesting twist. (The full study has been published in the Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law.) We looked at all 5,skagen watches,224 felony criminal cases filed in Denver in 2002. Most other studies measure lawyer effectiveness through indicators like acquittal rates, but we used the one thing criminal defendants care about most: the amount of jail or prison time they receive. Thus, acquittals counted as zero. Probationary sentences likewise counted as zero, unless the probation was combined with some jail time. We counted halfway-house sentences as 120 days, which is typical for Denver defendants. We counted the initial length of a prison sentence without decreasing it for early release or increasing it for parole violations. Life sentences we arbitrarily counted as 110 years. My economist friends were able to use regression analyses to control for other variables (such as whether a case was plea bargained or went to trial),invicta watch review, to minimize the chance that the differences we found were caused by factors other than effectiveness. They also used regressions with different combinations of variables, to ensure that our results were not sensitive to a particular variable. The results were surprising. The average sentence for clients of public defenders was almost three years longer than the average for clients of private lawyers. But our most notable finding was hidden in one of the variables we had controlled — the seriousness of the case. We had assumed that public defenders on average handled more serious cases than private lawyers, if for no other reason than that such cases carry higher bonds,mens watch brands, and defendants who can't make those bonds are often rendered indigent by their pretrial incarceration. The length of their clients' sentences would of course be distorted by the fact that they handle more serious cases with longer potential sentences. But when we removed the control for the seriousness of the crime,Cheap Watches For Sale, public defenders performed relatively worse, not better (five years more incarceration versus three years more). When we examined the seriousness of the cases handled by each type of lawyer,pocket watches, we discovered not only that private lawyers tend to handle more serious cases, but also that as the seriousness of the case increases, the chances that a private lawyer is handling it also increases. What in the world could explain such a result? It turns out that the explanation, at least in part,white ceramic watch, is one that should put a smile on the face of all free-marketers and rational choice theorists: criminal defendants, just like any other consumers of services, appear to be making choices based on their rational assessments of costs and benefits. But,swiss army watches, you might ask, do criminal defendants ever really have a choice between public defenders and private counsel? It appears many do. Our data suggested that,digital watch, contrary to the law's rather binary notion of indigency, a large chunk of felony criminal defendants are what we have called "marginally indigent." They could, if they had to,Watches Online Shop, tap hidden resources, or the resources of family and friends, to retain private lawyers. But what drives that decision? Just what you'd expect from any rational consumer of criminal defense services: a combination of the seriousness of the offense and the likelihood of conviction. Imagine a guilty, marginally indigent defendant facing a relatively minor felony (for which he will most likely get probation). Now add to the mix the fact that his crime was captured on videotape, meaning he has a small chance of avoiding conviction. It is unlikely such a defendant would deplete his and his family's and friends' resources to hire a private lawyer when he could get a free public defender to achieve the same result. At the other end of the spectrum,Swiss Watches, imagine a marginally indigent defendant charged with first degree murder, and imagine that he is innocent. Wouldn't that defendant do everything in his power to marshal the resources to hire a private lawyer, if he believed,big face watches, rightly or wrongly, that the private lawyer were more likely to achieve an acquittal? In other words, marginally indigent defendants who choose public defenders tend to be guilty. And of course if that's true,bulova accutron watches, it's not at all surprising that public defenders would achieve less favorable outcomes. More work needs to be done to confirm these results. But if they hold, and hold nationally,Cheap Watches For Women, they could have important policy implications. Roughly one-third of all states have formal statewide public defender systems, and several others have regional or local systems. Current debates about improving these systems tend to revolve around two poles: increased financing (for which public defenders have been clamoring since the 1980s,mickey mouse watch, when per client spending in most systems, in real dollars,bulova watch reviews, took a nose dive from which it has never recovered) and, more recently,buy watch, privatization. If it is true that public defenders achieve substantially worse results for their clients than private lawyers,Cheap Watches For Men, that fact should be troubling to us all, quite apart from whether the difference is the product of underfinancing, government inefficiencies or both. But our results suggest a more benign explanation,stuhrling watches, and a less drastic solution than spending more on public defenders or privatizing the system. If self-selection by guilty, marginally indigent defendants is driving a big part of this effectiveness difference, the remedy may simply be to tighten the mechanisms we use to determine indigency. This solution would not only reduce the outcome differences between public defenders and private defense lawyers,Cheap Watch, but it would also give taxpayers more bang for their public defender buck. 相关的主题文章：  Common Penalties for Copyright Infringement Play WMV on Website © - Start Playing Videos ...Now ! Unlimited space and bandwidth, Is it possible 

A Bankruptcy Attorney Can Help In Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 W
When an estate is transferred as heir property,timex expedition watch, beneficiaries are required to pay inheritance, or "death taxes" However, current federal inheritance tax laws allow individuals to give up to $1,mens watch brands,050,000 to heirs without incurring an estate tax; therefore,timex watches, most heir property is estate tax free. States generally follow the leading of federal laws in imposing an inheritance tax on beneficiaries; however each state's laws may differ slightly. Beneficiaries should consult with a bankruptcy attorney to determine the amount of tax and familiarize themselves with the laws of their resident state. According to federal inheritance tax laws and U.S. bankruptcy codes,mens designer watches, a beneficiary who has filed for consumer debt protection must willingly report an inheritance after bankruptcy to the trustee as part of the estate. In addition to liquidating debtor estates to pay creditors, trustees are charged with the responsibility of locating all disposable income and assets. Inherited assets are distributed using an attorney and legal instruments, usually the decedent's last will and testament. Once a will has been probated,Watches Online Shop, a procedure which determines its validity,white ceramic watch, it becomes part of the public record -- fully accessible to all beneficiaries,invicta watch review, Chapter 7 trustees and creditors. Although it may take months and sometimes years to settle a decedent's estate,bulova accutron watches, once a debtor receives assets left to him,digital watches, federal inheritance tax laws mandate that money and property be turned over to the courts for distribution to pay unpaid debts. Attempting to hide an inheritance after Bankruptcy constitutes concealment of assets,Cheap Watches For Women, a federal charge of bankruptcy fraud,Cheap Watches For Men, punishable by imprisonment. Those individuals who receive an inheritance after they file for bankruptcy,pocket watches, either Chapter 7 or Chapter 13,Watch, should seek legal counsel from a qualified bankruptcy attorney to determine how additional assets of money or real property will be handled. When cash-strapped consumers come into large sums of money, it can be a cause to celebrate or cry. Federal inheritance tax laws prohibit debtors from concealing assets,casio watches, including monies or property legally and rightfully willed to them. The irony is that if the inheritance had been awarded prior to making the decision to file,android watches, the debtor may have had sufficient assets to cover outstanding debts. Nevertheless,Watches Online, it's a case of too little,big face watches, too late and now the courts have the last word. Chapter 7 bankruptcy or Chapter 13 bankruptcy ,skagen watches, is a legal means of providing consumer debt protection for individuals seeking relief from overwhelming financial woes. Without proper monetary management and sound financial planning,swiss army watches, anyone is subject to filing bankruptcy. Unless an individual has a contingency fund, an unexpected illness,mickey mouse watch, chronic unemployment,Cheap Watches For Sale, or credit card abuse can all push a consumer over the edge and into bankruptcy filing. U.S. Bankruptcy law does not strip an indebted individual of all assets,mens luxury watches, but there are some concessions that have to be made to satisfy creditors. The law allows debtors to retain Social Security payments,buy watch, VA benefits, unemployment compensation and certain property deemed exempt by the court. However,Swiss Watches, when it comes to an inheritance after bankruptcy or other windfall gain,Cheap Watch, the courts will exercise the right to legally seize additional income to fulfill debtor obligations. When in this situation get counsel to try and protect your new assets.

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Tips For Running An Effective Email Marketing Campaign
,bulova accutron watches It seems that what emerged as sound email principles and etiquette apply just as well to email marketing. But its not just email marketing... it's effective email marketing. Where previously formal letters and faxes used to be the way to communicate with clients and potential customers, the shift to the 'softcopy' world of the Web has meant that this same type of communication would have to happen in a format pertinent to this new venue. Email and email marketing asserted itself as the prime method of contact then. From brochures to customer support, everything can now take place through a few types on the keyboard and few clicks of the mouse. However,skagen watches, there still is a protocol and a proper manner for effective email marketing: - Be clear  Email is a shortened form of communication. There is no space for flowery and overtly ego-soothing language. Basic courtesy applies,Cheap Watches For Men, like proper greetings and such,swiss army watches, but on the whole,pocket watches, emails should be short and clear. Get to the point as soon as possible. Let your recipient know what is expected of him, what he stands to gain through this communication, and how he can gain it (for example,mens designer watches, what he has to do,timex watches, such as be within the first hundred to visit a site and thus earn a discount) - Offer value,big face watches, not information  Provide incentive for the email reader to read and click through. Add value to your communication. Attract and seduce. Don't be surprised a boring,android watches, hum-drum email is deleted as soon as the recipient reads the first few lines. Entice,casio watches, and do not provide too much information in the content. The website is there for this purpose. The email is for communication. - Prefer text Graphics take long to load and often emails with graphics and attachments are deleted immediately or go to a junk mail folder. - Label your images if you use them. Some people get only the text in an email in their browser. If you include graphics but fail to label them,mickey mouse watch, the whole message may not make sense or the reader may not be enticed. Providing labels lets him know what stands at such a place in the message. - Use a hook You should aim to catch the attention of your reader from the first line itself. A good hook works then. Its message should be relevant and clear so that the customer can then immediately decide to read on or not. Remember that a reader is won through the first few lines itself. - Support the hook In the body of your email,mens luxury watches, use relevant information to support your hook and its message. However,Cheap Watch, be concise, as this isn't an opportunity for an info dump. Your information should simply reinforce your hook. - Be short and concise Readers won't read every word that is down in an email. They usually scan the thing in whole. Use the space you have succinctly to maximize the opportunity to grasp the reader. - Provide the most important information first Make efficient use of the top space of your email. Many readers read email through a preview pane. The top third of your email will be displayed in this pane, and based on this information,mens watch brands, a reader may decide to read the full or delete the message already. - Use a legible and easy to grasp format - Arrange your text in a manner that is pleasant to the eye. - Delineate text and paragraphs using hyphens or lines. - Use legible font such as Georgia and Verdana in a readable size. - Use bullets and lists to more clearly define your message so it can be grasped at first glance. - Use the active voice The active voice 'involves' the reader in the message and pushes him to react. - Know your audience And write accordingly with appropriate wording and information. - Avoid URLs that are too long Such addresses in emails can be difficult to click as they lose their link when they are 'broken' onto 2 or more lines. Aim to have a URL on its own line. If needed,Cheap Watches For Sale, shrink the text for the link. Or you can offer the address without a hyperlink but as a 'copy and paste' option. - Avoid caps and excessive use of punctuation marks That's basic email etiquette,atomic watches, which carries forward into your business communication. - Offer an option to unsubscribe Always offer a 'way out' for your recipients. An unsubscribe link is expected to be seen at the bottom of the email. Providing your recipient with the option to continue receiving emails or to terminate the reception shows caring and courtesy to the reader. Also ensure that an unsubscription is effective immediately. - Easy to subscribe as well Make it easy to subscribe as well. Provide links and offer a way to your guest book or how to provide comments and feedback. This shows consideration on your behalf. It is also a good idea to let your readers know that they are free to forward the email as well. - Make it easy to change subscription address This way,stuhrling watches, if a client or recipient changes his address,Watches Online, he can make sure the email follows as well. - Make good use of your subject line The headline of your message should go in the subject box,invicta watch review, as this is the first glimpse recipients will have to your email. Use it judiciously to convey information. - Address your recipients by their name This shows consideration and a personal touch. You definitely win over more people through a personalized message than through an impersonal mass bundling. - Avoid in holiday periods This time is often holiday from emails too,timex expedition watch, so keep email marketing communications to the minimum too. You could however send out a message with the holiday's greetings and best wishes. - Consistency with corporate design Having the same kind of layout and formatting as your website and other business communication supports ensures that someone recognizes your email at first glance too. Once you have found the right template/format,bulova watch reviews, use it every time. - An email address that says who you are People are more apt to trust a message with a From line containing information about who you are and where you're from. This will also prevent your email from being listed as spam and from ending in the junk email folder. - The landing page should fit the email and the offer Make sure you are leading your reader to the right destination through the links provided in the message. People hate wasting their time,white ceramic watch, and if this happens even once, you stand the risk of losing credibility. By tailoring your landing page for links,Swiss Watches, you also make better use of your website to further engage the customer's interest. - Motivate newsletter sign up with a freebie or bonus Offer something in return as an incentive. This could win you a lot of new subscriptions. - Have good multimedia if you are using it If you are using audio or video,digital watch, make sure they are of good quality and can be accessed easily. - Reply to requests within 24 hours This is basically common courtesy but it pays to be recalled. Ensuring prompt replies show you care and value your customers. - Email should be service oriented,buy watch, not marketing oriented as with paper Your aim through email marketing is to inform and provide an 'easy' access to your company. - Customize so it doesn't look like spam Make sure your message is unique in its content and format so it isn't brushed off as spam. - Offer user control if possible Wherever possible, give your reader the opportunity to tailor your communications to him. People are most apt to listen to the information they have asked for. - Provide contact information for you Always provide a way of contacting you. The signature in emails is one of your greatest effective email marketing assets. By making use of these email marketing tips, you should be able to create a successful and effective email marketing campaign. 相关的主题文章：  Cyber Crime and its Prevention</li> Immigration Lawyer Temecula - How Long Does Immigration take</li> The Dangers and Side Effects of Poligrip</li> </ul>